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SWIMMING FACILITIES IN SCHOOLS
Information on the design, operations, and maintenance of swimming pools and natatoriums in schools and universities. 
The Ultimate Pool Maintenance Manual: Spas, Pools, Hot Tubs, Rockscapes and Other Water Features, 2nd Edition
Tamminen, Terry (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY , 2001)
All aspects of pools are covered in detail, from maintenance to repair to remodeling -including: plumbing systems; filters; heaters; water chemistry; cleaning and servicing; spas and hot tubs; commercial pools; winterizing; health, safety and building codes; environmental concerns; and product resources. 528p.
TO ORDER:
McGraw-Hill Professional Bookstore, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121, Phone: 1-800-262-4729 http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/ 
Swimming Pool Guidelines.
http://www.eed.state.ak.us/facilities/publications/SwimmingPool.pdf Mearig, Tim; Morgan, Michael (Alaska State Dept. of Education, Juneau , 1997)
The state of Alaska, which provides for swimming pools as an eligible project cost in projects approved for state aid, presents guidelines to assist school districts in planning swimming pools, and provides standards for swimming pool size based on the planned educational program and student population. The guidelines are intended to assist school districts in determining what portion of a swimming pool's space is eligible for state funding as determined by the Commissioner, and the factors in determining pool size. Included with the pool size recommendations are a chart summarizing standard pool sizes, the method for determining allowable pool size and a worksheet, and a conceptual layout of a swimming facility. 19p.
The Pool Maintenance Manual.
Tamminen, Terry (McGraw-Hill , 1996)
All aspects of pools are covered in detail, from design and construction to lighting, winterizing, fiberglassing, tiling, and troubleshooting and repair. Major topics include basic and advanced plumbing systems, pumps, motors, horsepower, and hydraulics; filters and heaters; and water chemistry. The book concludes with lists of product resources and relevant publications.
Swimming Pools. Managing School Facilities Guide 2.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ (Department for Education and Employment, Suffolk, England , 1993)
This guide for schools with swimming pools offers advice concerning appropriate training for pool managers, the importance of water quality and testing, necessary procedures for safely handling chemicals, maintenance and cleaning requirements, pool security, and health concerns. The guide covers both indoor and outdoor pools, explains technical terms, provides a range of desirable pool temperatures, and includes a checklist for swimming pool management. 21p.
Physical Recreation Facilities.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0109.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Apr 1973)
Explores the various current forms and shapes of facilities designed for physical education, interscholastic and intercollegiate sports, and recreation. School administrators are in the process of rethinking the classical facilities, i.e., the box-shaped gymnasium. Although this report does not advocate a general solution for everyone, it displays the more imaginative and economically prudent solutions that have been built or proposed for specific settings. 57p.
Air Structures for School Sports.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0202.pdf Robertson, Nan (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , May 1964)
Discusses the use of air structures for housing athletic facilities. Successful and unsuccessful projects are presented. A checklist of ten dos and don’ts are provided: 1) provide positive anchorage; 2) provide positive drainage; 3) protect envelope from sharp objects during erection; 4) provide protection against sharp protrusions inside the bubble; 5) control air leakage; 6) remove snow; 7) protect fan inlets; 8) periodically check inflation equipment; 9) provide auxiliary generators to maintain blower operation in case of power failure; 10) don’t attach lights to bubble skin. 28p.
Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act.
Tonchesky, Terri; Key, nancy Facilities Manager; v26 n1 ; Jan-Feb 2010
Discusses requirements for swimming pool drains mandated by this act. Drain covers, a safety vacuum releast system, suction limiting vent systems, automatic pump shutoffs, gravity pools, and drain disablement are addressed.
Discovering the Cure for Sick Pool Syndrome.
Agopian, Nick Facility Management Journal; v19 n6 , p30-32,34 ; Nov 2009
Discusses respiratory hazards from indoor pools and the chloramines they generate. Most HVAC systems are not designed to remove chloramines. However, recent systems specifically designed for indoor pools are available, and described in the article.
A Drain on Resources?
http://www.athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=2470&zoneid=20 Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v33 n8 , p27,28,30-32,34 ; Aug 2009
Discusses the high cost of maintaining pools and how some schools are closing theirs, even though interest in competitive swimming is increasing. Cost-saving measures and alternative funding strategies for building and maintaining pools are addressed.
Water Hazard Managing Aquatic Risk.
http://www.recmanagement.com/200907fe03.php Margolis, Daniel Recreation Management; v10 n7 , p26-33 ; Jul 2009
Discusses mitigation of risk at swimming facilities, including abundant slip-free surfacing, anti-entrapment drains, and water sanitation.
Schooled in Acquatics.
http://www.recmanagement.com/200809fe01.php Kingensmith, Dawn Recreation Management; v9 n9 , p12-21 ; Sep 2008
Describes elaborate water park facilities at higher education facilities, featuring waterfalls, adjacent climbing walls, and amenities typically found in large, for-profit waterparks.
Testing the Waters.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=1726&zoneid=19 Brown, Nicholas Athletic Business; v32 n3 , p66-68,70,72,74,76 ; Mar 2008
Reviews typical human error involved in faulty swimming pool water monitoring. Types of equipment that help ensure accuracy are reviewed, as are reagent formulas and regular turnover of supplies.
Dry Runnings.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=1667&zoneid=10 Steinbach, Paul Athletic Business; v31 n11 , p46-52,54 ; Nov 2007
Advises on humidity control in athletic facilities, with particular attention to natatoriums and ice rinks. HVAC design, vapor barriers, dehumidification, water temperature, and indoor air conditions are covered.
Restarting Blocks.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=1601&zoneid=19 Steinbach, Paul Athletic Business; v31 n8 , p67,68,70,72,74 ; Aug 2007
Discusses renovation and repair of pools to make them safer, cleaner, shallower, deeper, or more competition friendly. Particular attention is given to PVC liner applications for pools.
All Hands on Deck.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=1549&zoneid=57 Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v 31 n5 , p65,66,68,70,72,74,75 ; May 2007
Reviews strategies for organizing swim meets, emphasizing the use of facilities that provide on-deck room for swimmers, with balconies for spectators. Problems with on-deck seating are reviewed, as are the need for a host of volunteers, and safety issues.
A Crash Course in Chlorine.
http://www.recmanagement.com/columns.php?fid=200610GC04 O'Toole, Kelly Recreation Management; v7 n8 , p16 ; Oct 2006
Reviews the history and efficacy of chlorine as a disinfectant, and advises on how to select a pool chlorine product as well as how to evaluate alternatives to chlorine.
NSF Standard 50: Ensuring Pool Water Treatment Products Are Safe and Effective.
http://www.recmanagement.com/columns.php?fid=200610GC01 Purkiss, David Recreation Management; v7 n8 , p10,11 ; Oct 2006
Explains the National Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute Standard 50 (NSF 50) that establishes establish minimum requirements for materials, design, construction, and performance of equipment commonly included in the water circulation systems of residential and public swimming pools, spas or hot tubs.
Diagnosing IAQ Problems in Indoor Pools.
Hogan, James The Construction Specifier; v59 n5 , p78-80,82,84-86,88 ; May 2006
Offers extensive advice on assessing the interface between the building, airflow, mechanical systems, and pool water chemistry in indoor swimming pools. Typical miscalculations due to high humidity and skewed temperatures are described, and most of these must be addressed in design and construction. Vapor retarders, interior finishes, ceiling types, and windows are also covered.
Natatoriums: The Inside Story.
Xie, Lan; Cooper, Kenneth ASHRAE Journal; v48 n4 , p16-18,20,22-27 ; Apr 2006
Provides extensive advice on HVAC systems for natatoriums, including temperature and humidity control for the pool, spectator areas, and locker rooms. The complicated and interconnected factors of water temperature, evaporation, space pressurization, surface temperatures, dehumidification, vapor retarders, and air return/exhaust are considered.
Building Blueprints: Natatoriums and Aquatic Facilities.
Jerome, Dale School Planning and Management; v45 n1 , p72,73 ; Jan 2006
Discusses school aquatic facilities, covering considerations of pool shape and diving, competitive versus community use, support spaces, curriculum-driven location, and additional site concerns.
Performing Arts and Aquatic Centers.
Kerbelis, Wayne ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p65,66,68 ; May 2005
Describes energy conservation strategies such as underfloor air distribution, demand control ventilation, energy recovery units, an energy management system, and direct digital controls for a high school performing arts center and aquatic center in Allegan, Michigan.
Size Wise.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ McCord, Brad; Freeman, Nancy; Mendioroz, Randy Athletic Business; v29 n3 , p75,76,78,80,82,84,86 ; Mar 2005
Advises on how to select the proper pool size and configuration for an institution, taking into consideration the users, the adjacent support spaces that
will be needed, and the role it will play within the institution's athletic program. Various sizes and configurations of pools are described, as are movable
elements that increase the versatility of the installation. [Free registration required.]
Other School Projects.
Learning By Design; n14 , p133-140 ; 2005
Describes the award-winning designs of seven projects that are not typical school buildings. These include a performing arts center, an administrative center, an alternative education center, and a school/community center. Lists of project participants, costs, specifications, plans, and photographs are included.
TO ORDER:
Learning by Design; Email: lbd@strattonpublishing.comhttp://www.learningbydesign.biz
Remote Control.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Bynum, Marvin Athletic Business; v28 n8 , p56-58,60,62,64 ; Aug 2004
Describes current technology that allows swimming pool systems to be monitored and adjusted from a remote location. [Free registration required.]
Under Water.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v28 n7 , p74-76,78,80,82 ; Jul 2004
Reviews evolving standards for suction entrapment, depth, and water quality in pools. Also described are steps that can be taken to modify existing pools to comply with the standards and reduce liability.
Oceans of Options.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Cohen, Andrew Athletic Business; v28 n5 , p75,76,78,80 ; May 2004
Describes maintenance, safety, access, and recreational equipment that is available, and sometimes required, for aquatic facilities. [Free registration required.]
Annual Checkup.
http://www.athleticbusiness.com/files/AB-304-61.pdf Fawcett, Paul Athletic Facilities; v28 n3 , p61,62,64,66 ; Mar 2004
Advocates the closing and draining of indoor aquatic facilities for annual maintenance and suggests seven tasks to be performed during this procedure. [Free registration required.]
Learning to Share.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/532.shtm Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v42 n11 , p29-30 ; Nov 2003
Describes two programs where schools and their communities successfully share athletic fields and a swimming facility. Cooperation of the parties has been continuous from construction through maintenance and operation. The Veterans Park complex in Wilmington, N.C., includes a new high school, middle school, and elementary school on 210 acres and includes a park for the community in that area. When Allegan High School in the small community of Allegan, Mich., decided to add a competition swimming pool to its facilities, the community voiced interest in using it. Instead of building one pool, the school built two.
Proper Design and Materials Selection for Natatoriums.
Kittler, Reinhold Constuction Specifier; v56 n9 , p39-40,42,44-46,48 ; Sep 2003
Explains proper specification of construction materials for the high humidity environment of enclosed swimming pools. Vapor retarders, air pressure relationships, ductwork, insulation and dehumidification are covered.
Pool Position.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ von Spaeth, Kirk Athletic Business; v26 n12 , p64-72 ; Dec 2002
Details how soils, topography, and other natural and built features can make the siting of competitive and leisure aquatic facilities difficult. [Free registration required.]
Deep Trouble.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v26 n7 , p30,32-33 ; Jul 2002
Discusses how the safety-related ruling by the National Federation of State High School Associations to eliminate the option of using 18-inch starting platforms in pools less than 4 feet deep may affect operators of swimming pools and the swim teams who use them. [Free registration required.]
Concerned About Costs, Some Schools Pull Plugs From Swimming Pools.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2002/05/29/38pools.h21.html Hurst, Marianne Education Week; v21 n38 , p10 ; May 29, 2002
Districts around the country are pulling the plug on their swim facilities, especially aging pools that can be extremely costly to maintain and bring up to modern standards. Among the most common problems: cost cutting during initial construction that has shortened the life of the pool, design flaws, chemical damage to the pool's surface, poor filtration, and a lack of regular surface cleaning. Experts say average yearly maintenance costs run from $30,000 to $80,000. [Free subscriber registration is required.]
Cheyenne Mountain High School Academic Arts Building & Natatorium, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
http://www.dcd.com/case_studies/0205/020541.html Design Cost Data; v46 n3 , p41-43 ; May-Jun 2002
Describes the academic arts and natatorium buildings of the high school named in the title, including the educational context and design goals. Includes information on the architects, manufacturers/suppliers, and construction team; a general building description; and a case study of construction costs and specifications. Also provides the floor plan and photographs.
Water Utility.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Steinbach, Paul Athletic Business; v26 n5 , p63-68 ; May 2002
Describes how sharing campus aquatic facilities can help colleges cover the significant costs of operation. Discusses the priority-setting and planning required to constantly circulate different user groups in and out of pools. [Free registration required.]
The Moisture Menace.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Chivetta, Christopher Athletic Business; v25 n12 , p105-116 ; Dec 2001
Discusses how to control an indoor pool environment by understanding the mechanics of water evaporation, condensation, and migration. Stresses the need for a properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained mechanical system. [Free registration required.]
Making a Splash.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_natatoriums_making_splash/ Ephron, Hazel; Bishop, Walter American School and University; v74 n2 , p40-43 ; Oct 2001
Explains why upgrading a school's pools can help reduce maintenance costs and make safer facilities. Three top engineering issues in older pools are addressed: recirculation, filtration, and dehumidification. Concluding comments discuss procedures for establishing safe swimming.
A Clear Vision.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Fawcett, Paul Athletic Business; v24 n10 , p87-88,90,92,94 ; Oct 2000
Explores the process of keeping pool water safe and healthful through careful planning of filter purchases and replacement. Deciding when filters need replacing, the type of filter required, and installation planning are discussed. [Free registration required.]
Staying Afloat.
Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v24 n7 , p56-58,60,62,64,66,68 ; Jul 2000
Examines the difficulties and solutions to wet environment repairs in pools and locker rooms. Issues include crack and leak repairs, repairs to grout and tile, on-deck accessories, and underwater lights. Several "tricks-of-the-trade" notes are included as is a brief discussion on emergency shutdowns. [Free registration required.]
Breathe Deeply.
Milshtein, Amy School Planning and Management; v39 n5 , p31,33-34 ; May-Jun 2000
Discusses indoor air quality issues related to school gyms, locker rooms, and pools; explores ways to keep the indoor environment healthy. Includes discussions of mold and fungus control as well as air issues stemming from indoor pools.
Hidden Dangers.
Greven, Erik D. W.; Knox, Winthrop S. Athletic Business; v23 n10 , p57-58,60-62,64,66,68 ; Oct 1999
Discusses each of the major system components of a maintenance survey that can provide pool facilities with the information needed to properly maintain aging pools. Components examined include mechanical and structural systems; pool structure; and the filtration, circulation, and chemical treatment systems.
Making a Splash.
Maland, Jim Athletic Business; v22 n8 , p71-72,75,82-85 ; Aug 1998
Presents a 10-step process that allows swimming pool owners to objectively scrutinize their existing facility's needs, construction, and operation and maintenance budgets before renovating a structurally deficient or costly pool. Four examples of problems involving pool renovation decision making are highlighted.
Getting Pool Light Right.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Hunsaker, Scot Athletic Business; v 22 n3 , p51,53-54,56,58-59 ; Mar 1998
Examines the use of lighting, both artificial and natural, that can enhance the aesthetic quality and functionality of areas with indoor swimming pools. It discusses glare and shadow reduction measures that aid competitive events, including lighting above and below water levels, and highlights lighting issues during televised events. Descriptions of different types of lamps are included.
Filtration Fundamentals.
Ward, Ken; Hunsaker, Scot Athletic Business; v21 n12 ; Dec 1997
Examines how choice of commercial swimming pool filtration systems is driven by the project-specific needs of the pools. Also highlighted are definitions of specific terms used when discussing filtration systems. Includes questions that pool designers can answer to make filtration system purchasing decisions.
Automated Water Chemistry Control at University of Virginia Pools.
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/articleDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=725 Krone, Dan Facilities Manager; v13 n6 , p37, 39 ; Nov-Dec 1997
Describes the technologically advanced aquatic and fitness center at the University of Virginia. Discusses the imprecise water chemistry control at the former facility and its intensive monitoring requirements. Details the new chemistry control standards initiated in the new center, which ensure constant chlorine and pH levels.
Pool Maintenance: Fact and Fiction.
Schmid, Sue; Rowley, William N.; Witeaker, Doug; Teekell, Gordon Athletic Business; v21 n10 ; Oct 1997
Examines the myths of swimming pool maintenance as applied to commercial pool use. Myths concerning backwashing filters, their run time and operational costs, and the necessity of pool covers for indoor pools are examined.
Deep Trouble.
Fawcett, Paul Athletic Business; v21 n5 , p43-44,46,48-50 ; May 1997
Discusses how accident prevention can be built into the swimming pool design phase by paying attention to swimming pool regulations, materials for basin and deck construction, pool fixture placement, and signs and markings. A pool planning checklist is provided.
Auditoriums with Rooms that Turn and Pools with Floors That Move Offer Wise Use of Facilities.
American School Board Journal; v166 n8 , p.39, 49 ; Aug 1979
Auditoriums that have areas with seats on turntables for easy conversion
into classrooms and swimming pools with floors that raise and lower are
examples of flexible facilities that offer schools ways of using space that
sits idle much of the time.
National Spa and Pool Institute
http://www.nspi.org NSPI is an umbrella organization for the spa and pool industry. NSPI sponsors the annual International Expo, and develops design, construction and operations standards for spas and pools.
Swimming Pool Heating.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/water_heating/ Information provided by the U.S. Department of Energy on the use of swimming pool covers and other energy saving technologies that can reduce operation costs by as much as 50%.
Athletic Facilities Design http://www.ncef.org/rl/athletic_facilities.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on the planning and design of school and university sports and recreation facilities, both indoor and outdoor, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
Athletic Facilities Maintenance http://www.ncef.org/rl/athletic_maintenance.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on the maintenance of school and university indoor and outdoor athletic facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
Water Conservation in Schools
http://www.ncef.org/rl/water.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on water efficiency, water recycling, and plumbing issues in school buildings and grounds.
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©
National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities at the National Institute of Building Sciences 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20005 · Toll free: 888-552-0624 · 202-289-7800 · www.ncef.org Funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education |
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