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HISTORY OF SCHOOL DESIGN
Information on the history of educational architecture in the United States, including the one room schoolhouse and the open plan school, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. 
The Architecture of Amherst: The Past, The Future—And the Enduring Principles.
https://www.amherst.edu/alumni/events/reunion/multimedia/2009/architecture/node/116796 (Amherst College, Massachusetts, 2009)
Discusses how the Amherst College campus has evolved over the course of nearly two centuries. The landscaping, building siting, and specific architectural qualities that make it work and future development are discussed by journalists and board members in a video seminar presentation. Particular attention is given to the highly regarded geology building, the need to build a new science building, and the collaborative approach to campus construction.
Public Art for Public Schools.
Cohen, Michele (Random Hous/Monacelli Press, New York, NY , 2009)
Reviews the collection of more than 1,500 artworks has been assembled over nearly 150 years by the New York City Public School . The diverse collection ranges from stained glass by Tiffany Studios to mural cycles commissioned by the WPA to modern and contemporary works by Hans Hofmann, Ben Shahn, Romare Bearden, Faith Ringgold, and Vito Acconci. School construction and public art have expanded dramatically under current leadership, with new school buildings and art commissioned from noted architects artists. The book provides an account of the history and future of this program, illustrated with archival images and new photographs specially commissioned for this publication. 240p.
TO ORDER:
http://www.randomhouse.com/monacelli/
Educational Facilities Laboratories (EFL): A History. Revised.
http://www.edfacilities.org/pubs/efl2.pdf Marks, Judy (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , 2009)
This publication presents information on the history, operations, and accomplishments of the Educational Facilities Laboratories (EFL), a nonprofit corporation established to help schools and colleges maximize the quality and utility of their facilities, stimulate research, and disseminate information to facility planners. Included are descriptions of EFL's funding, guiding principles, leadership, and operations over its 28-year history. Also explores EFL's aggressive philanthropic philosophy and innovative approaches to school project funding, it's development of the open plan approach that influenced basic school design in the 1960s and early 1970s, and the school construction systems and development team that created a standardized method for constructing school buildings. A discussion about EFL publications and a list of these publications and EFL films are provided. 8p.
TO ORDER:
National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, 1090 Vermont Avenue NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20005-4905; Tel: 888-552-0624.https://www.nibs.org/index.php/resources/schoolfacilities
University of Toronto.
http://www.papress.com/html/our.home.page.tpl Richards, Larry (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2009)
This guide is organized into a series of nine walking tours that encompass all three University of Toronto campuses, ending with an off-campus walk in the surrounding area. The guide features more than 170 of the institution's finest buildings, a foreword written by the current dean of architecture, an introduction, and numerous photographs. 256p.
Schools of the Future.
Walden, Rotraut, ed. (Hogrefe and Huber, Cambride, MA , 2009)
Provides a brief overview of the historical development of school buildings in different countries, followed by contributions from authors discussing how school buildings can work together with users' own creative responses and result in educational environments that are "alive." The give-and- take relationship between architecture and its users (students, teachers, parents, and the community at large) is emphasized from the point of view of architectural psychology and emerging considerations such as information technology. The "schools for the future" vision is to create spaces that people are pleased to return to, time and again, and that allow options for future modification in line with changing user requirements. Also proposed are criteria for the assessment of schools derived from a dual approach. The first is the call for a common language to be used by designers and educators, exemplified by a number of patterns that have been found to be salient in school design. Their common underlying premise is that learning environments should be learner-centered, appropriate to age and developmental stage, safe, comfortable, accessible, flexible, and equitable, in addition to being cost effective. The second approach presents instruments for the systematic assessment of school buildings according to facet theory, a tool that helps to structure the large number of possible influences and subjective indicators such as learning performance, expressions of well-being, and social behavior. 264p.
TO ORDER:
Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 875 Massachusetts Ave., 7th floor, Cambridge, MA 02139; Tel: 866-823-4726http://www.hogrefe.com/
Small Wonder: The Little Red Schoolhouse in History and Memory.
Zimmerman, Jonathan (Yale University Press, New Haven, CT , 2009)
Examines the history of the one-room school and how successive generations of Americans have remembered, and just as often misremembered, this powerful national icon. Drawing on a range of sources, from firsthand accounts to poems, songs, and films, the book traces the evolution of attitudes toward the little red schoolhouse from the late nineteenth century to the present day. At times it was celebrated as a symbol of lost rural virtues or America's democratic heritage; at others it was denounced as the epitome of inefficiency and substandard academics. Because the one-room school has been a useful emblem for liberal, conservative, and other agendas, the truth of its history has sometimes been stretched. For more than a century, it has embodied the nation's best aspirations and especially its continuing faith in education itself. 256p.
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http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/home.asp
Space and Learning: Lessons in Architecture 3
Hertzberger, Herman (010 Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands , 2008)
Brings together Hertzberger's knowledge and ideas in a theoretical study of the spatial conditions of learning, with illustrations throughout of the architect's own work and that of others. More than thirty schools designed by Hertzberger have been built to date. School building, according to Hertzberger, is one of the few areas in architecture today where designers are still able to define and influence human conditions. In his opinion, school buildings require striking a balance between use, performance and an architecture informed by education. School buildings need re-inventing on each new occasion, particularly given current developments in education which are shifting away from the traditional approach to one more targeted at the individual. 208p.
TO ORDER:
http://www.010.nl/index_ie.htm
Lee J. Brockway: School Architect.
Stodola, Barbara (Fanning Howey Associates, Inc., Celina, OH , 2008)
Presents an account of the life of this notable architect who planned and designed numerous schools and was instrumental in the expansion of the school design firm Fanning/Howey. 88p.
TO ORDER:
http://www.fhai.com/
Designing for Designers.
Nasar, Jack; Preiser, Wolfgang; Fisher, Thomas (Fairchild Publications, New York, NY , 2007)
Examines the history of architectural education and building form; typologies of schools for architecture; and strengths to encourage in future designs, along with weaknesses to avoid. Some of the findings on the design and process extend to all kinds of buildings on campus and elsewhere. The book offers specific guidelines for future schools of design, as well asguidelines with broader application to interiors for educational buildings and other building types, such as how to plan offices and gathering places to build community. 318p.
TO ORDER:
750 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017; Tel:212-630-4000 http://www.fairchildpub.com/
Smith College.
Vickery, Margaret (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2007)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Smith College, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 163p.
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37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Old Main.
Dober, Richard (Society for College and University Planning, Ann Arbor, MI , 2006)
Describes the forms, fame, and fate of the landmark higher education buildings frequently called "Old Main." These edifices came into being as intentional examples of institutional aspirations and accomplishments, track stories of neglect and renewal, and illustrate how some lost through human and natural disasters are now remembered with inspiring campus designs. Reasons why Old Main and comparable buildings and landscapes deserve a prominent place in comprehensive campus plans, and workable methods to achieve that objective are also offered. Graphics include a collection of historic picture post cards that help support the premise that a rounded view of America s collegiate enterprises would be incomplete without understanding and acknowledging the contributions these edifices have made to campus development. 138p.
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http://www.scup.org
The Rosenwald Schools of the American South.
Hoffschwelle, Mary (University Press of Florida, Gainesville , 2006)
Narrates the history of a partnership to build model schools for southern African- American children from 1912-1932. Beginning with Booker T. Washington, and with the backing of the Tuskegee Institute and Sears, Roebuck & Co. president Julius Rosenwald, The Rosenwald Project created more than 5,300 schools and auxiliary buildings in 15 Southern states. Many of these schools remain today, as they were designed for maximum efficiency, space for learning, and serving as a cultural and social center of African American communities. This book examines their contributions to architecture, community, education, and their role in formalizing a state education program that would one day include African-American children. 422p.
TO ORDER:
http://www.upf.com
The University of Chicago.
Pridmore, Jay (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2006)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and landscape at the University of Chicago, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 195p.
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37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Openluchtscholen in Nederland: Architectuur, Onderwijs en Gezondheidszorg 1905- 2005. (Open-Air Schools in the Netherlands: Architecture, Education, and Healthcare 1905- 2005)
Broekhuizen, Dolf (Uitgeverij 010, Rotterdam , 2005)
Profiles 100 years of outdoor, open-air, and abundantly daylit Dutch schools. Principles of the necessity of fresh air to health and sanitation are discussed, accompanied by a chronologically arranged selection of supporting school projects. 239p.
TO ORDER:
http://www.010publishers.nl/pages/about010.php
History of Educational Architecture
http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/historyofedarchitecture/historyofedarchitecture.htm Lackney, Jeffery (School Design and Planning Laboratory, University of Georgia, 2005)
This summarizes the history of the American schoolhouse from colonial times through the time of the one-room country school building. This is part of chapter one in the 2005 textbook "Educational Facilities Planning: Leadership, Architecture, and Management" by C. Kenneth Tanner and Jeff Lackney. The chapter is titled "Educational Architecture: History and Principles of Design."
Illinois Institute of Technology.
Schulze, Franz (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2005)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and landscape at Illinois Institute of Technology, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 111p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
School Building Programmes: Motivations, Consequences and Implications.
http://www.cfbt.com/PDF/91078.pdf Woolner, Pamela; Hall, Elaine; Wall, Kate; Higgins, Steve; Blake, Anthony; McCuaghey, Caroline (University of Newcastle; School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences; Centre for Learning and Teaching, Reading, United Kingdom , 2005)
Reviews previous phases of school building in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States. Common themes and the aspects which initiate and then influence school building programs are identified, and then related to the outcome. Recommendations of past practices to be avoided are made, particularly when a large number of schools are built at one time and repeat the same shortcomings. The seventy-four references represent the literature consulted. 48p.
A Short History of School Facility Issues and Use.
http://media.cefpi.org/sbw/ShortHistory.pdf Lyons, John B. (CEFPI Foundation and Charitable Trust, 2004)
Short description of early educational facilities, the modern school facility, and facilities-based design challenges. 2p.
Minneapolis Public Schools Historic Context Study.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060503144522 (Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission , 2004)
This historic context study spans more than a hundred years and the approximately 140 buildings constructed, acquired, maintained, expanded, and sometimes removed by the Minneapolis Board of Education between 1849 and 1962. The timeframe extends from the first public schools constructed in Minneapolis to the expansion of elementary and junior high schools for the post-World War II baby-boom generation. It examines the creation and maintenance of the school plant as evidenced by Minneapolis Board of Education policy and building design and describes the relationship of each remaining property to advances in school construction and program development. The historic context narrative includes an inventory of existing schools, including those now in private ownership.
Rosenwald Schools in Virginia.
http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/MultipleCounty/ (United State Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC , 2004)
Presents historical documentation for Virginia's Rosenwald Schools, detailing their creation, funding, architecture, distribution, and significance as landmarks worthy of preservation. Also included is documentation for the schools' accompanying teacher residences and industrial arts laboratories. Includes 27 references. 19p.
Vassar College.
(Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2004)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Vassar, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 166p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
The One-Room Schoolhouse.
Rocheleau, Paul (Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York, NY , 2004)
Presents a nationwide photographic study of this building type using one examples from each of the forty-eight contiguous states. An account of the photographer's travels that includes historical and architectural information is included, and operating schools, schools restored to museums, and schools converted to homes are featured. 207p.
TO ORDER:
Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., 300 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010http://www.rizzoliusa.com
Yale in New Haven: Architecture and Urbanism.
Scully, Vincent; Lynn, Catherine; Vogt, Erik; Goldberger, Paul (Yale University, New Haven , 2004)
Discusses the planning and architecture of Yale University as it relates to the planning and of New Haven. Plans and buildings produced between Yale's founding and the First World War are considered, relating the University's various attempts to either connect or disconnect itself from the city. Also covered is the concept of urbanism as reflected in the planning efforts of the city and the University. 406p.
TO ORDER:
http://www.yale.edu/printer/yaleinnewhaven/purchase.html
The One-Room Schoolhouse: A Tribute to a Beloved National Icon
Rocheleau, Paul (Universe Publishing, Nov 2003)
From 1750 through about 1950, the one-room schoolhouse was a common fixture on the American landscape, with as many as 200,000 in total across the land. Today, approximately 450 one-room schoolhouses are still in use. This book is a celebration rather than a serious study of this American icon. It provides a tour of these structures still standing, detailing the best examples from forty-eight states, exploring working schools, some in existence for more than 100 years, schools restored as historic museums, and schools converted into private residences. 208p.
An Honor and and Ornament: Public School Buildings in Michigan.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal_mhc_shpo_Hist_Schools_summmary_75269_7.pdf (State Historic Preservation Office; Michigan Historical Center; Dept. of History, Arts and Libraries; Lansing , Sep 2003)
Presents a summary of a state study that explored the history and architecture of the Michigan public school building built 1835 to the present. Illustrated chapters cover the design influences, school types, building forms, styles, and key architects of the state's inventory. 29p.
Architecture on Campus: A Guide to the University of Melbourne and Its Colleges.
Goad, Philip; Tibbits, George (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia , 2003)
Catalogs the buildings, public artworks, and grounds of this institution from its founding in 1853 to the present. The 100 buildings are organized by the era in which they were built, and most are accompanied by a photograph. 134p.
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P.O. Box 1167, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australiahttp://catalogue.mup.com.au/978-0-522-85059-8.html
America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places 2002: Rosenwald Schools, Southern United States.
http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/sites (National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, DC, Jul 2002)
This annual list of endangered places includes a group of historic schools built in 15 Southern and Southwestern states between 1913 and 1933. Jewish philanthropist Julius Rosenwald, a high school dropout and CEO of Sears, Roebuck and Company, teamed with Booker T. Washington, the country's preeminent African Americn educator, to create a system of matching grants that helped construct more than 5,300 schools. Many are now lost or in disrepair. Contact information on how to particpate in efforts to identify and save these structures is included.
Reflections: The History of the Council 1980-2000.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Council of Educational Facility Planners International, Scottsdale, AZ , 2002)
Records the history of the Council of Educational Facility Planners International during the 20 years from 1980 to 2000, including information that connects the years preceding 1980 and beyond 2000. Past and present presidents and executive directors offer "stories" in response to prompting questions about their personal experiences with the council. Also included is a summary of the council's previous history-publication, published in 1982, titled "From NCSC to CEFPI: The Council's First Sixty Years." 114p.
School Treasures: Architecture of Historic Boston Schools.
Cole, Doris (Font and Center Press, Weston, MA. , 2002)
This book explores the architectural treasures of the Boston, Massachusetts public schools. It includes photographs and descriptions of 129 buildings that were constructed in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century and notes that the first and oldest public school in the United States was founded in Boston in 1635. Eight chapters focus on: (1) "Exploring for Treasure"; (2) "Turning the Century"; (3) "Growing Up"; (4) "The Roaring Twenties"; (5) "A New Deal"; (6) "After the War"; (7) "Suburban Spread"; and (8) "Turning the Century--Again." A CD-ROM with over 100 images and descriptive captions of the architectural treasures of the Boston Public Schools, Massachusetts is included.
138p.
TO ORDER:
Font & Center Press, P.O. Box 95, Weston, MA 02493.http://www.fontandcenter.com/school.htm
University of California, Berkeley.
Helfand, Harvey (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2002)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at this campus, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Also covered are surrounding neighborhoods and downtown Berkeley. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 360p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
West Point Military Academy.
Miller, Rod (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2002)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at West Point, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 149p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
University of Pennsylvania.
Thomas, George (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2002)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at the University of Pennsylvania, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 200p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Replace or Modernize? The Future of the District of Columbia's Endangered Old and Historic Public Schools.
http://www.21csf.org/csf-home/publications/pubs.asp#replace Filardo, Mary (21st Century School Fund, Washington, DC , May 2001)
This report addresses the decision-making process for replacing or modernizing District of Columbia public schools. The three-section document discusses old and historic schools and their future; the schools’ historical and architectural value; cost of replacement and modernization; design; materials; and the environmental impact of school replacement. The first section explores issues related to the modernization or replacement of old and historic schools and factors that should be considered in the District. The second section presents a history of the school system. The third section provides detailed school-by-school surveys of the historical and architectural details of public schools built in the District before 1945, including address, school size, site size, the architect involved, architectural style, design date, dates of construction, past alterations, and additions. 158p.
TO ORDER:
Twenty-First Century School Fund, 2814 Adams Mill Road NW, Washington, DC 20009; Tel: 202-745-3745.
University of Cincinnati.
Bennett, Paul (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2001)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings, sculpture, and gardens at the University of Cincinnati, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 129p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Cranbrook.
Eckert, Kathryn (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2001)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings, gardens, and sculptures at Cranbrook, describing the work of administrators, designers, and artists who shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 190p.
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37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Rice University.
Fox, Stephen (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2001)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Rice University, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 222p.
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37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
The Transformation of the Schoolhouse : American Secondary School Architecture and Educational Reform, 1880-1920
Gyure, Dale Allen (University of Virginia, 2001)
University of Washington.
Johnston, Norman (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2001)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at the University of Washington, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 152p.
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37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Educational Architecture in Ohio. From One-Room Schools and Carnegie Libraries to Community Education Villages.
McCormick, Virginia E. (Kent State University Press, Kent,OH , 2001)
This book examines the evolution of Ohio’s educational institutions from one-room schoolhouses to modern educational campuses, reflecting Ohio’s population growth and its shared culture and traditions. It offers a unique perspective for viewing and interpreting education with an architectural perspective. It also examines educational trends and changes, revealing the rise in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century of lifelong learning and public access to information. The author shows how a consensus developed holding that learning environments that inspire excitement among teachers and students reflect communities that support the educational mission. Includes exteriors, interiors and plans for libraries, schools, colleges, museums and music halls.
TO ORDER:
The Kent State University Press, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH; Tel: 330-672-7913, Toll free: 800-247-6553http://upress.kent.edu/books/McCormick2.htm
Harvard University.
Shand-Tucci, Douglass (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2001)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Harvard University, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 344p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Duke University.
Bryan, John (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2000)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Duke University, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 132p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Phillips Academy Andover.
Montgomery, Susan; Reed, Roger (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2000)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Phillips Academy, Andover, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included 132p.
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37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Princeton University.
Rhinehart, Raymond (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 2000)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings, gardens, and sculptures at Princeton University, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 198p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
School Architecture, Curriculum, and Pedagogy: Shifts in the Discursive Space of the "School" as Forms of Governmentality.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Hennon, Lisa (University of Madison-Wisconsin , May 19, 1999)
The historical shifts in United States discourses of school architecture as they relate to reforms and inventions of new pedagogical techniques are examined using Michel Foucault's conceptualization of "governmentality" and related scholarship. It questions assumptions underlying two claims currently being made about school architectural design. The first claim is that the space of the school needs to be more democratic, like a community, and the second is that the space of the school has become more oppressive and controlling. It argues that common school design discourses in the United States incorporated some disciplinary aspects of British monitorial schools. However, in the 1800s, common school discourses governmentalized the "American" school-house with the aim of self- government. Four historical junctures in discourses of school architecture are identified that provide the contingent conditions and reasonings upon which the current debates about reform of school design seem reasonable and make sense. 20p.
Urban Planning and School Architecture: Homologies in Governing the Civic Body and the School Body.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Hennon, Lisa (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1999)
This paper is a preliminary examination of homologous shifts in U.S. discourses on the design and building of schools and
"planning" as they relate to curricular reforms and inventions of new pedagogical techniques. The purpose is to question underlying assumptions about "space" and historical reasonings about a place called
school. Particular historical junctures in discourses of school architecture provide the contingent conditions and reasonings
on which the current debates about reform of school design seem reasonable and make sense. Schematically, they are: (1)
the common school discourses of the "school house" during the 19th century; (2) the emergence of the "school-plant," which
introduced city "planning" discourses into the discourses of school design during the 1920s and 1930s; (3) the "open-plan" in
the 1950s that followed as a critique of the "school-plant"; and (4) the enfolding and redeployment of elements of the
"school-house," "classroom school-plant," and the "open plan" in the "school-as-community." 25p.
Stanford University.
Joncas, Richard; Neumann, David; Turner, Paul (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 1999)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Stanford University, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 175p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Yale University.
Pinnell, Patrick (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 1999)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at Yale University, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 191p.
TO ORDER:
37 East 7th St., New York, NY 20002; Tel: 212-995-9620http://www.papress.com
Planning and Designing Schools.
Brubaker, C. William (McGraw Hill, New York, NY , 1998)
This book offers and examines a number of suggestions for school architecture.
The book consists of a review of 22 school projects from around the United States. The text
opens with a brief history of school design in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but the
focus throughout the book focuses on several distinct elements: designing schools with beauty
and character; the planning and building process; computers and their impact on learning and
design; interior design, including color, light, space, furnishing, and equipment; how educational
restructuring affects architecture; and campus planning-site analysis. The design ideas presented
here apply to a broad array of school types: community schools, high schools, shared facilities,
elementary schools, expansions, renovations, and new projects. Each case deals with a unique
problem and shows how the architects worked with the educators to create a tailored solution.
Graphics and other illustrations are provided for each project reviewed. Special chapters
address issues such as how to prevent obsolete schools, how to transform the learning
environment, and how to design schools with character. 205p.
The Characteristics of Rural One-Room Schools in Barbour County, West Virginia, That Represent Characteristics of Rural One-Room Schools in General.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Hepler, Linda (M.A. Thesis, Salem-Teikyo University, 1998)
The characteristics of one-room rural schools in Barbour County, West Virginia, are representative of one-room rural school characteristics in general. These include building design and problems; teacher' lives and duties, certification, salaries, and training; scheduling and curriculum; games; punishments; and hot lunch programs. Since one-room schools no longer operate in Barbour County, data included personal communications with people who had taught in or attended the schools. A historical background discusses state school laws from 1642 to 1936. A literature review details general characteristics of rural one-room schools: design, construction, and facilities; restrictions on teachers' private lives; teachers' instructional and extracurricular duties; use of the school as an agency for community change; teacher certification requirements and salaries; establishment of normal schools in West Virginia for teacher training; inservice education; daily scheduling and curriculum in the schoolhouse; games played; undesirable and appropriate punishments; early hot lunch programs; and facility lighting, heating, and ventilation problems. Drawing on personal anecdotes, characteristics of Barbour County's one-room schools are discussed in relation to prevailing characteristics nationwide. 85p.
Changing Patterns in Educational Facilities
http://www.designshare.com/Research/ChangingPatterns/ChangingPatterns1.htm Lackney, Jeffery A. (Recognized Educational Facility Professional workshop conducted for members of the Council of Educational Facility Planners International; Design Share , 1998)
Planners are increasingly focusing on the future of society, education, and the impact these social forces may have on school facilities and learning environments. This report examines patterns in societal trends, educational approaches, and facility design. It describes changing patterns in each area, as articulated in Alvin Toffler's "The Third Wave", within the following time frames: Agricultural Society (1650-1849); Industrial Society (1850-1949); Information Society (1950-1999); and Knowledge Society (2000-2025).
University of Virginia.
Wilson, Richard; Butler, Sara (Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY , 1998)
Discusses the history and design of the buildings and gardens at the University of Virginia, describing the work of administrators and designers who have shaped the campus from its founding to the present. Plans and numerous photographs are included. 152p.
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The Empty Schoolhouse: Memories of One-Room Texas Schools.
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7282362 Clegg, Luther Bryan (Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX, 1997)
This compilation of reminiscences from retired teachers and ex-pupils describes the one-room schools of the 1930s in Texas. See chapter one: "They Built a New Schoolhouse, and Oh, It Was Modern: Buildings, Facilities, and School Organization." 225p.
The Altaville Schoolhouse: Community and State Cooperation in Local Historical
Resource Preservation
Napton, L. Kyle; Greathouse, Elizabeth A. (Coyote Press, Salinas, CA , 1997)
This report documents the archaeological investigations conducted at the
former site of the Altaville Schoolhouse in Calaveras County, California. These
investigations were carried out through the cooperative efforts of the California Department
of Forestry and Fire Protection, the Calaveras County Historical Society, and the local
community. The schoolhouse is the only one-room brick school building remaining in the
Mother Lode area of California. It is California Historical Landmark Number 499, and in
1979 the schoolhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1996, the
330 artifacts excavated were examined, identified, and cataloged. The first part of this
report narrates the history of the schoolhouse: its construction in 1858 through its closure in
1950; its protected state from 1950-81; its relocation and renovation; and its current
condition. The second part of the report gives an overview of the structural, educational,
and cultural specimens obtained by archaeological investigations at the original site. The
major part of the document consists of: 29 historical photographs of the school; 16 figures
of school artifacts; a 330-item catalog of artifacts; newspaper and magazine reprints; copies
of relevant documents, correspondence, legislation, maps, and blueprints; and chapter 7
from "Calaveras, the Land of Skulls" (R. C. Wood) describing state and county schools and
teachers in California, 1855-59. (Contains 33 references.) 140p.
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Coyote Press, PO Box 3377, Salinas, CA; Tel: 831-422-4912http://www.CoyotePress.com
The Prairie Schoolhouse
Campbell, John Martin (University of New Mexico Press, 1996)
This book documents the history of the prairie schoolhouse through text and photographs. The prairie schoolhouse was a product of the Western Homestead Era, those years beginning late in the 19th century when the federally owned grass prairies east of the Rockies and the sagebrush country of the interior Northwest were opened to farming. Homesteading, the process whereby a citizen could acquire a piece of federal land, dates to a U.S. congressional act of 1862. The farmers who came to stake a claim on the prairies wanted their children to be educated. Thus, in regions of abundant homesteads, one-room schools were built every 2-4 miles, usually by the farmers themselves. A single teacher taught grades 1-8. The typical prairie schoolhouse was a simple rectangular structure with a pitched roof having a central ridge, either gabled at each end or hipped. The two major varieties of the prairie schoolhouse, the south and the north prairie styles, were determined largely by climate and the availability of construction materials. Regardless of variety, there were only minor differences in the size of the schoolroom itself and in its arrangement and furnishing. Although resources were scarce and most teachers were not educated beyond the eighth grade, prairie schoolhouses turned out hundreds of thousands of literate teenagers who became functioning members of mainstream U.S. society. The combined effects of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl drove farmers from their land, and by the early 1950s more than 5 million prairie residents had abandoned their homesteads. Of the thousands of homestead schools that 80 years ago dotted the western prairies, nearly all have disappeared, and most of those remaining have fallen to ruin. The 60 photographs in this book document remains of prairie schoolhouses and homestead structures in Washington, Oregon, Montana, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska. Contains a bibliography. 164p.
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University of New Mexico Press, 1720 Lomas Blvd., N.E., Albuquerque, NM 87131-1591.
America's Country Schools
Gulliford, Andrew (University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO , 1996)
As late as 1913, half of U.S. schoolchildren were enrolled in the country's
212,000 one-room schools--the heart of American education. Although only about 428 of
these schools remain in use as of 1994, the country school continues to be a powerful
cultural symbol. The first section of this book examines country schools' educational and
cultural legacy. Chapters (1) provide an overview placing country schools in the larger social
and historical framework of American education; (2) describe the country school
curriculum, discipline, and teaching methods; (3) present anecdotes and memoirs describing
teacher education, teaching conditions, and teachers' lives on the Western frontier in the late
19th and early 20th centuries; (4) portray the role country schools played as rural
community centers; (5) discuss the assimilation of immigrants and minorities in rural schools,
focusing on Native Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics; and (6) look at public, private, and
parochial country schools in operation today. The second section examines the great variety
of design in country school architecture, including schoolhouse sites, architect designs,
building forms, building materials and techniques, classroom furniture, and building
standardization. The third section discusses the preservation and restoration of country
schools; describes new uses as museums, centers for living history programs, and
community centers; presents preservation case studies; and lists one-room schools, by state,
that remain in public ownership. This book contains approximately 275 references, 400
photographs, numerous illustrations, and an index.
296p.
A Study of the Architecture and Curriculum of Virginia High Schools.
Worner, Scott Charles (Doctoral Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg , Apr 1995)
Provides a written and pictorial history of the architectural and curricular features of Virginia high schools. 284 high school buildings which best represented an architectural period, beginning with the oldest high school building still in use to the most recently constructed schools, were surveyed. Seventeen schools were chosen based on: 1) date of original construction; 2) completeness of original structure; 3) overall rating by the building principal; 4) noteworthy architectural or unique educational features; and 5) subjective comparison of floor plans and photographs. Each building was visited to obtain data relating to curricular emphasis in the design. Each architectural period was researched for significant educational and curricular trends that may have influenced high school design. 251p.
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Colleges and Universities as Historic Institutions: a Study of the Historical Context of Campus Architecture: Founders Hall, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Shultz, James A. 1995
A study of Founders Hall at the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) explores the history of that building and its symbolic role for the campus and the institution. The building was originally a residence built in the late 19th century and was later the location of the Richmond School of Social Work and Public Policy and of the Richmond Professional Institute. Founders Hall was designed in a French Second Empire architectural style and is in good condition for its age. An addition to the rear was not integrated in style or materials with the original building. The building is currently used for student contact services. A major interior renovation took place in the 1980s. Institutional materials on which much of the study was based had the limitation of "official sanction" which may have tended to cast the best historical light on events. Other institutional studies focused narrowly on repair and renovation or space analysis. Founders Hall appears to support VCU's image of itself as a venerable, prestigious institution and, in a city concerned with its historical appearance, as a preserver of historic buildings. (Contains 15 references.) 30p.
American School Architecture 1800-2000 : the Schoolhouse--Inside and Outside--Reflects Underlying Social Philosophy.
Dashnaw, Thomas Richard (State University of New York at Buffalo , 1994)
Current Design Trends in School Facilities, 1993.
Castellana, John J. (American Institute of Architects, Washington, DC , 1993)
The American Institute of Architects has produced a slide presentation addressing the 1993 trends in school facilities design with illustrative examples of school projects. The 200 plus slide program explores projects representing a broad cross section of work completed across the country that include K-12 facilities, new technology, specialized facilities, prototype schools, and child care/day care facilities. 22p.
TO ORDER:
American Institute of Architects, Audiovisual Collection , 1735 New York Ave., N.W., Washington DC 20006; Tel: 202-626-7495.http://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/
School Ways: The Planning and Design of America's Schools.
Graves, Ben E. (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY , 1993)
This sourcebook draws upon award-winning educational projects to
examine emerging trends and new technology in educational facilities
design. It presents profiles of the best designed schools of the last
decade; new trends in school layouts; essential programming
information on space needs, classroom size, and other design criteria;
design tips for accommodating computers and audio-visual equipment;
and guidance on organizing the programming and design phases of
school construction. Additionally, it explains how to prepare long-range
facility plans, how to inventory and evaluate existing facilities, and how to
prepare educational specifications as well as providing a detailed
summary and directory of information and planning resources. 237p.
Current Design Trends in School Facilities, 1992.
Castellana, John J. (American Institute of Architects, Wasington, DC , 1992)
The American Institute of Architects has produced a slide presentation addressing the 1992 trends in school facilities design with illustrative examples of school projects. The 200-plus slide program explores projects representing a broad cross section of work completed across the country that include K-12 facilities, new technology, specialized facilities, prototype schools, and child care/day care facilities. 19p.
TO ORDER:
American Institute of Architects, Audiovisual Collection, 1735 New York Ave., NW, Washington DC 20006; Tel: 202-626-7495http://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/
Dr. Mac, Planner for Schools.
MacConnell, James (Johnson/Dole, Palo Alto, CA , 1988)
Presents an autobiography of James D. McConnell (1908-1990), a school planner and for 25 years a Stanford University professor. 193p.
State Requirements Survey for School Construction K-12.
(American Institute of Architects Press, Washington, DC , 1987)
Presents the results of a survey of state requirements for school construction. The document offers state-by-state information on funding, planning requirements, site and building sizes, pupil/teacher rations, and building design and construction requirements. 126p.
The Architecture of Schools and the Philosophy of Education.
Lamm, Zvi (Paper presented at the Edusystems 2000 International Congress on Educational Facilities, Values, and Contents (Jerusalem, Israel, November 16-21, 1986), Nov 1986)
Changes in instructional methods and ideologies depend on simultaneous changes in the physical environment for the practice of those methods. School architecture results from the type of activity dictated by educational theories. One of the principal ideologies of education is socialization, which perceives education as a process of preparing students to fulfill societal roles. The ideal design for buildings reflecting this bureaucratic conception would resemble an industrial factory complete with an assembly line. A second major ideology is acculturation, which asserts that the purpose of education is to inspire students with a sense of culture and traditional values. The exterior architecture for schools supporting this conviction would show a reverence for the past; for example, an elite school might look like a Greek temple. However, this architecture would not penetrate to the classroom. According to a third ideology, individuation, education is intended to serve the intrinsic needs of individual students. The open space architecture and activity centers of open schools reflect the individuation ideology 13p.
Downtown and the University: Youngstown, Ohio.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070713220721 Brenner, William (Youngstown State University, Ohio , Mar 1976)
Presents a detailed study of the area encompassing downtown Youngstown, Ohio, and the adjacent campus of Youngstown State University. It includes a history of the city's development beginning in the 1850s, describes the current built environment, identifies opportunities and restraints, and presents development and preservation options. Contains a 2006 update and Foreword by the author. 56p.
Five Open Plan High Schools. A Report.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0504.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Sep 1973)
Offers examples of five high schools that operate open curriculums in open spaces. Photographs and floor plans illustrate each school's design. The text relates the history of the educational program and community response to open plan schools. A separate section emphasizes the importance of retraining high school teachers in the use of open plan learning facilities and describes a program operated by the District of Columbia Public Schools for training those teachers. 53p.
The Principal's Guide to Educational Facilities: Design, Utilization and Management.
Davis, J. Clark (Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, OH , 1973)
Discusses the principal's role in school design, construction, maintenance, and ultimate remodeling. Individual chapters cover planning, educational specifications, equipment and furnishings, capacity, facility care, security, after-school use, maintenance and remodeling advice for specific building parts, accessibility, and year-round use. 188p.
Design and Planning: The New Schools.
Morisseau, James (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York , 1972)
Presents designs 65 American schools from the late 1960's and early 1970's, serving ages preschool through high school. Many of the schools also make provision for adult education programs and other community uses, and there are some schools for special students. Nearly all the schools shown give evidence of the recent transformation from the double-loaded corridor to open plan, flexible design, which transformation this volume documents. Plans, building statistics, and a list of project participants are included for each example.
128p.
Trends in School Design: Informal Schools in Britain Today.
Pearson, Eric (Citation Press, New York, NY , 1972)
Uses a number of small, contemporary primary schools to illustrate a trend toward residential-scale school buildings whose classrooms are informally arranged and flexible. 82p.
School Architecture. Being Practical Remarks on the Planning, Designing, Building, and Furnishing of School-houses.
Robson, Edward Robert (Orignial publication, J. Murray, London, 1874. Reprinted by Humanities Press, NY, 1972. , 1972)
Schools: More Space/Less Money. A Report.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0203.pdf Clinchy, Evans; Capernaros, Peter S.; Cynamon, Nancy; Rogers, Kathryn (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Nov 1971)
Explores a range of alternative solutions to provide school space in the most economical fashion. These alternatives include: 1) using "found space" in existing school buildings or non school buildings; 2) extending the school day and/or school year; 3) allowing students to be away from the classroom a significant part of the school day; 4) using new building materials, construction techniques, and project delivery methods; 5) sharing the cost of new schools through joint occupancy (public-private use) and partners (public-public use). 85p.
Open Space Schools.
(American Association of School Administrators, Arlington, VA , 1971)
Presents numerous examples of noteworthy open space schools. In addition, the authors have drawn from their own experiences with the planning, design, and construction of open space schools. The book explains the justification for, programming, and creation of open space schools, and offers suggestions that might prove helpful, and to report on the state of the art. Includes photographs and plans. 112p.
Profiles of Significant Schools: Schools for Early Childhood.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0217.pdf Abramson, Paul (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Sep 1970)
Focuses on the creation of learning facilities for two-, three-, and four-year-old children. It illustrates graphically two types of facilities: 1) new centers that were specifically constructed for early education; 2) old facilities--houses, storefronts, and warehouses--that have been successfully remodeled to provide early education centers. Also described is a non-school approach to early learning for communities where lack of finances or interest limits the development of early education centers. The structures vary widely in space usage, types of equipment, and genre of teaching aids, differences dictated by considerations of finances or space.
The Open Plan School: Report of a National Seminar.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0205.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Jan 1970)
Reports on an open plan school symposium co-sponsored by IDEA and the Educational Facilities Laboratories. Seminar participants included architects, teachers, and administrators who have had experience with open plan schools. Participants discussed both the intangible aspects of an open environment, such as individualized instruction, team teaching, student grouping, and the new role of the school administrator, and the tangible aspects of the school building and its furnishings. They emphasized that open schools are only one part of a quality education program and that the attitudes of teachers, administrators, and students must be consistent with the open nature of the physical facilities at such a school. They agreed that the open plan school system holds great promise as a way of training people to think for themselves. 32p.
Henry Barnard's School Architecture.
Barnard, Henry; McClintock, Jean; McClintock, Robert (Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY , 1970)
This is a 1970 reprint of an 1848 text, with an extensive introduction and analysis by Robert and Jean McClintock. In the original text, Barnard discusses common errors in school construction and general principles of school architecture, proposes planning considerations for various school levels, presents several then-extant plans as examples, and outlines classroom organization, furnishings, teaching aids, the library, and heating and ventilation considerations. 350p.
A College in the City: An Alternative.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.1324.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Mar 1969)
Presents a new way of looking at the urban university. It describes the planning effort for a nonconventional college in the poor urban community of Brooklyn’s Bedford-Stuyvesant section. This new kind of college would educate people, provide park and recreation space, cultural facilities, and low-rise, low-cost housing. It would be community-operated, open 12 months a year, 6 days a week, days and nights, for all community dwellers who either have high school diplomas or can pass a set of special tests built around the college's curriculum. A blueprint illustrating the design of the proposed facility is included. 52p.
Environment for Learning: The 1970's.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Green, Alan C. (Educational Facilities Laboratories, IL, Mar 1969)
The presentation by Alan C. Green briefly discusses the activities and concerns of EFL and elaborates on the learning environment of the 1970's. Building programming is discussed along with the need to consider--(1) time utilization, (2) architect's early involvement in the process of building programming, (3) prevention of domination over the team, (4) program for the future, (5) research, and (6) careful communication. Five major discoveries made in the last few years are described--(1) the 24' by 32' classroom is not the only viable setting for education, (2) the most important person in education is the individual student, (3) education is not static, (4) instructional technology has a very important role to play in the educational plant, and (5) most people live in cities and most education takes place there. Significant developments in educational environment are dealt with including large and small group instructional space, common areas, classroom design, facility suites, vocational education facilities, special educational environment, modular scheduling, library innovations, information availability, instructional aids, resource centers, mix of facilities, open plan schools, school renovation, furniture design, and construction systems. 20p.
Transformation of the Schoolhouse. Annual Report for 1969.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0302.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , Winter-Spring 1969)
Reviews some of the more important educational innovations that have transformed schoolhouse design: 1) design, structural, and functional features of open plan schools; 2) use of performance specifications in the design of a coordinated series of building components; 3) influence of instructional hardware (computers, films, television, tapes). Educational Facilities Laboratories financial statements and a list of EFL reports and project publications are also presented. 51p.
Creative Planning of Educational Facilities.
Castaldi, Basil (Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, IL , 1969)
Focuses on the translation of psychological and educational needs into physical form and design. Ways are suggested in which principles of creativity can be used in the planning and design of educationally effective buildings. Rehabilitation, modernization, and remodeling are also treated in detail. 370p.
Schools for America.
(American Association of School Administrators, Washington, DC , 1967)
Presents a broad survey of current educational concepts and their related physical needs. Projected programs of implementation are related to new instructional procedures, while diverse educational situations are presented with possible physical solutions. Such factors as aesthetics, finance, and federal legislative programs are presented in an education context, while such situations as the community junior college and vocational-technical schools are explored in terms of design solutions. The examination of the various concepts, methods, and solutions is clarified through the use of numerous photographs, sketches, and diagrams. 186p.
SCSD: The Project and the Schools
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0810.pdf Ehrenkrantz, Ezra (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , 1967)
SCSD, a structurally coordinated school building components system, is a highly automated method of building
new schools that creatively meet the needs of the ever changing educational environment through functional and flexible planning. Examples of why SCSD high schools are efficient, flexible, and spatially planned, are cited. Environmental requirements are given for--(1) heating/ventilation, (2) air conditioning, (3) lighting/ceiling, (4) storage and equipment, and (5)
partitions. Photographs and diagrams demonstrate the interaction of the subsystem components. The evaluation concludes thatsociety needs both higher quality and larger quantities of school buildings to meet the complex learning facility requirements of the present and future. 94p.
The New Campus in Britain: Ideas of Consequence for the United States.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0305.pdf Dober, Richard P. (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , 1965)
Discusses six British universities designed to help solve the dilemma of “belonging” at large institutions. The continuous teaching environment concept describes a physical form that preserves communication and contact between all parts of the institution while allowing external accretion and internal change. Its essential features are geared to: 1) conformity with educational philosophy of maximum interdisciplinary contact; 2) integration of living and working areas; 3) separation of vehicular and pedestrian ways; 4) largely self-sufficient urban community; 5) optimum contrast between development and surrounding site; 6) a 24-hour university; and 7) opportunity of limitless expansion. Photographs and diagrams illustrate this concept in the case of each of the six institutions.
75p.
NCSC Guide for Planning School Plants.
(Michigan State University, National Council on Schoolhouse Construction, East Lansing , 1964)
Discusses school planning in five sections that deal with the various phases of the planning stage. Section one includes the determination of the educational plan, plant survey, enrollment projection, educational specifications, and architectural planning. Section two deals with school location and the types of spaces to be included. Section three deals with non-instructional facilities such as corridors, halls, lobbies, vestibules, ramps, stairways, toilets, storage, parking, lockers, closets, elevators, laundry, and utility systems. Section four considers spatial, aesthetic, and safety factors. Section five discusses all aspects of economy in building. 163p.
Campus Planning.
Dober, Richard (Reinhold Publishint, New York, NY , 1963)
The first section of this book defines campus planning, illustrates through examples the evolution of the campus as a design form, and describes the critical importance of campus planning. Section two breaks down the campus into its constituent physical parts and describes each in functional and aesthetic terms. These section also includes steps for programming and design facilities, with methods for campus planning used as case examples. Section three details procedures for campus planning, with illustrations of how old campuses can be expanded and new ones developed. 318p.
Profiles of Significant Schools: High Schools 1962. A Status Report on Educational Change and Architectural Consequence.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0107.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , 1962)
Explores some of the changes in teaching methods and building design occurring in American high schools. These trends include: 1) team teaching; 2) independent study using well-stocked libraries; 3) year round use of school facilities for education and recreation for all age groups; and 4) more reliance on technology for administration and education. 88p.
Schoolhouse: A Primer about the Building of the American Public School Plant.
McQuade, Walter (Simon and Schuster., 1958)
271p.
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Schoolhouse.
McQuade, Walter, ed. (Simon and Schuster, New York , 1958)
Advises on school building by first considering what the community and children want in a school, and continuing with architect selection, financing, site and building features. A photograph tour of exemplary schools completes the book. 271p.
School Planning and Building Handbook.
Engelhardt, N.L; Leggett, Stanton (F.W. Dodge, New York, NY , 1956)
Advises on planning and building schools, detailing board and superintendent responsibilities, educational specifications, public relations, planning for equipment and furniture, site selection and acquisition, working with design professionals, landscaping, contracting, project management, bonding, and a variety of additional cost and administrative details that accompany the creation of a new school. 638p.
Good and Bad School Plants in the United States as Revealed by School Facilities Survey.
(U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare; Washington, DC , 1954)
Presents examples of well-and poorly planned school facilities, with some dating back as far as 1800. The intent is to assist planners in selecting practical features for their own schools, and to present the problems facing many communities in providing adequate school facilities. 83p.
Planning Elementary School Buildings.
Engelhardt, N. L.; Engelhardt, N. L. Jr.; Leggett, Stanton (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1954)
The authors, by means of 250 photographs and numerous tables, charts, and diagrams, explain their interpretation of the new kind of elementary school in the making in 1953— a school based on a more fundamental understanding of child growth and development, a happy school, a child-scale school. 268p.
School Facilities for Science Instruction.
Richardson, John, ed. (National Science Teachers Association, Washington, DC , Jan 1954)
Details basic principles and aspects of science facilities, followed by specific design and equipment recommendations for elementary. Separate recommendations for multipurpose, general, biological, chemistry, physics, developmental, applied, and specialized high school science facilities follow, as well as advice on the design of college facilities for the education of science teachers. Includes 13 references. 274p.
The Schoolhouse at Prairie View.
Barber, Marshall A. (University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS (out of print); available at research libraries via interlibrary loan., 1953)
Written in 1953, this book presents the reminiscences of a renowned scientist about his early education in a one-room school at Prairie View, Kansas, during the 1870s and 1880s. The first chapter records early memories of the road to school, and describes the community of Anglo and German farmers served by Prairie View. Other chapters describe classroom organization and furniture, children's games in the schoolyard and inside, children's social customs, relations between boys and girls, teachers (who often changed with every school term), discipline, the curriculum, textbooks and teaching methods, access to books, memorization and recitation of poems and prose, "exhibitions" given on the last day of school, songs and drama, community "literaries" and debate competitions, Fourth of July celebrations, patent medicine shows, meetings of the Grange, use of the schoolhouse as a polling place and a church, religious revivals, Sunday School, temperance meetings, funerals, and educational benefits and deficiencies of the era. An index is included. 86p.
American School Buildings.
(American Association of School Administrators, Arlington, VA , 1949)
This yearbook of the American Association of School Administrators offers nineteen essays on school construction, covering the topics of the school board s responsibility, organizational and administrative procedures, site planning, auxiliary facilities, design service, mechanical and service facilities, building for safety, materials selection, economies in construction and design, light and color, furnishings, renovation, preventive maintenance, financing, and major steps in building a school. 363p.
Planning Secondary School Buildings.
http://books.google.com/books Engelhardt, N; Leggett, Stanton (Rheinhold Publishing Co., New York, NY , 1949)
Discusses design and space requirements for secondary school classrooms, administrative areas, shops, libraries, auditoriums, science facilities, restrooms, common areas, athletic facilities, cafeterias, homemaking, visual arts, and music. 128p.
"American" School Architecture: An Architectural Type and a Plan for High School Buildings with Special Reference to the Southwest.
Turner, R. Izer Jan 1929
The Nation's Schools.
O'Shea, M.V. (McGraw Hill , 1928)
"Devoted to the application of research to the building, equipment and administration of schools."
Improvement in the Maintenance of Public School Buildings.
Schwartz, Harwood (Teachers' College, Columbia University, New York City , 1926)
Maintenance and repair of school buildings as described in a 1926 Thesis. Discusses the frequency and relative importance of several types of repair jobs, and the relationship among factors of the total cost of repairs, size age and type of building. Includes refinements in rapair accounting. A 1972 reprint of the 1926 study is widely available. 80p.
School Architecture: Principles and Practice
Donovan, John Joseph (Macmillan, NY, Jan 1921)
724p.
Report NO: ASIN: B00085VS1C
Wider Use of the School Plant.http://books.google.com/books?id=iatJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22wider+use+of+the+school+plant (Charities Publication Committee, New York (University of Michigan Library reprint) , 1911)
Advocates for community use of the school building, with an emphasis on crossing racial, financial, and social strata. The book offers examples of how schools are already being used successfully for community purposes, illustrating evening classes, Summer school, public lecture, entertainment, social center, organized athletics, and other uses. 212p.
Modern American School Buildings, Being a Treatise Upon, and Designs For the Construction of School Buildings.
http://books.google.com/books Briggs, Warren (John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY , 1906)
Discusses the design of schools that are architecturally sound, as well as properly lit and ventilated. The author discusses the particulars of various school spaces; steps in the planning, design and project management process; and suburban and urban schools. Includes 89 full-page illustrations. 411p.
Modern School Buildings, Elementary and Secondary: A Treatise on the Planning, Arrangement, and Fitting of Day and Boarding Schools, Having Special Regard for Warming, Ventilation, and Sanitation
Clay, Felix (B.T. Batsford, London, United Kingdom, 1902)
459p.
2000-2010-2020: What Was Said, What Happened and What Is to Come.http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2471 Matschulat, Robert; Dejong, William; Dorn, Michael; Abramson, Paul School Planning and Management; v49 n1 , p13-16 ; Jan 2010
Four school facility professionals reflect on the accuracy of their predictions made in 2000, as well as making additional predictions for 2020.
Writing the Future!http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2472 Moore, Deborah School Planning and Management; v49 n1 , p6 ; Jan 2010
Reflects on the reading of a 1942 booklet on school planning that expressed the same desire for safe and healthy schools as is felt today.
The Lake View School Fire.
Grant, Casey Doors and Hardware; v73 n7 , p14-16,18-20 ; Jul 2009
Reviews the 1908 Lake View School fire in Collinwood, Ohio. The high death toll of 175 in the four-storey building was due in part to a combination of inadequate egress and panic, details of which are included.
Opening Up Learning: from Spaces to Environments.
http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM09311.pdf Educause Review; v44 n3 , p62,63 ; May 2009
Reflects on the evolution of learning areas from spaces to environments, with the interweaving of classroom, libraries, labs, and informal spaces, as well as the call for all stakeholders to join in designing and developing the learning environment.
The Power of Place on Campus.
http://chronicle.com/free/v55/i34/34b01201.htm Broussard, Earl The Chronicle of Higher Education; v54 n34 , pB12 ; May 01, 2009
Discusses the importance of "sacred" spaces on campuses, either for ceremony, exploration, perspective, or refuge. Examples of notable and historic campus spaces are offered along with advice on identifying, cultivating, and preserving meaningful campus places.
System Application and Design for School Air Conditioning.
Flanagan, Robert ASHRAE Journal; v51 n5 , p56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70,73 ; May 2009
Offers a reprint of a 1966 article on school air conditioning design, noting the types of school buildings prevalent at the time, their differing heating and cooling requirements, and the types of air- conditioning systems available.
Educational Facility Design and Project Based Learning: "The Real Connection."
Schrader, David; Sole, John Educational Facility Planner; v43 n2-3 , p19-23 ; 2009
Discusses the relationship of project-based learning to school facilities, abandoning the familiar double-loaded corridor design and seeking flexible learning spaces that are part of the curriculum. A brief history of school design and encouragement of student inclusion in the school design process are included.
Landmark Buildings Redefine 2-year Campuses-and Blot Out Ugly Mistakes.
Biemiller, Lawrence The Chronicle of Higher Education; v55 n10 , pB14-B17 ; Oct 2008
Describes several new thoughtfully designed community college buildings, which stand in contrast to an abundance of unloved structures from the community college building boom of the 1960's and 70's.
A Man of Vision, Integrity, and Passion.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1960 Moore, Deb School Planning and Management; v47 n10 , p10 ; Oct 2008
Profiles Paul Abramson, selected as the 2008 Planner of the Year by the Council of Educational Facility Planners International. A brief review of his background and accomplishments is included.
Primary School Architecture in Portugal: A Case Study.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/62/40802346.pdf Freire da Silva, Jose
Profiles three Portuguese elementary schools, dating from 1898, 1969, and 1973, respectively, and illustrating the evolution of Portugal's standardized, yet flexible, school designs.
Air Age Gothic.
http://www.preservationnation.org/magazine/2008/may-june/air-age-gothic.html Hill, David Preservation; v60 n3 , p46 52 ; May-Jun 2008
Profiles the mid-century modern architecture of the United States Air Force Academy, varying sentiments toward the designs, attempts to preserve and restore its more iconic structures, and maintenance challenges caused by value engineering of the original structures.
Marcel Breuer at Saint John's.
Carlson, Scott The Chronicle of Higher Education; v54 n26 , pB9-B13 ; Mar 07, 2008
Discusses the signature St. John's Abbey and University buildings by architect Marcel Breuer. The history of how they were commissioned, their bold and inspirational use of concrete, and the care with which they have been added to.
A Woman's Place Is in the School: Rhetorics of Gendered Space in Nineteenth-Century America.
Enoch, Jessica College English; v70 n3 , p275-295 ; Jan 2008
Nineteenth-century American leaders in education came to advocate a redesign of the schoolroom that resulted in its being seen as more the province of female teachers than of male teachers. This discourse of reform serves as a case study of how space itself may be rhetorically "gendered."
The Breuer Zone.
Miller, Nancy Architecture Minnesota; v34 n1 , p26-31 ; Jan-Feb 2008
Recounts how St. John's Abbey and University came to own a collection of signature buildings designed by Marcel Breuer, and describes their iconic designs.
Total Recall: The Architectural Portfolio Celebrates a Quarter-Century of Education Design Excellence.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_total_recall/ American School and University; v80 n3 , p316-360 ; Nov 2007
Presents this competition's highest award winners since its 1983 inception. A list of the winners, jury members, and selection criteria for each year is included.
An Unrivaled Collection of Wright Buildings Proves to Be a Joy and a Challenge.
http://chronicle.com/temp/reprint.php?id=pm34ldvdktkx4xgp5blflsktlxcdgt25 Biemiller, Lawrence The Chronicle of Higher Education; v53 n41 , pA30 ; Jun 2007
Discusses the situation that Florida Southern College faces with its modest endowment and a significant collection of Frank Lloyd Wright buildings that are in need of major repair. Some of the buildings have structural problems that can be traced to Wright's reliance on new and untested designs. Many are too small for the college's current needs, and all have been hard to modernize.
Giving Students Some Space.
Abramson, Paul School Business Affairs; v73 n2 , p34,35 ; Feb 2007
Discusses the evolution toward more square feet per student due to technology, accessibility accommodation, class size reduction, and expansion of programs.
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Plowden and Primary School Buildings: A Story of Innovation without Change.
Brogden, Mike FORUM: for promoting 3-19 comprehensive education; v49 n1 , p55-66 ; 2007
The Plowden Report encouraged the design of more compact and flexible school buildings to accommodate its vision of child-centred teaching. These schools came to be known as "open plan". By the late 1970s about 10% of schools were of open-plan design but researchers found serious weaknesses in the quality of their work. Plowden's ideals were not often to be found in practice in open-plan schools. Changes in teaching methodologies had not kept pace with innovation in school design and the rhetoric of child-centredness was not matched by the reality of the experience of many primary pupils. The explanations for this include the conservatism of teachers as well as the propensity to failure of centrally imposed ideas. [Author's abstract]
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The Rosenwald School Initiative: A Plan to Build Hope.
Hall, Michael Educational Facility Planner; v41 n2/3 , p3-6 ; 2007
Cites historical laws that segregated white and African-American students, the inadequacy of schools built for the latter, and the response by philanthropist Julius Rosenwald to build better schools for African-Americans in the early 20th century. The history and legacy of the resulting Rosenwald Schools are described, as are successful and continuing efforts to preserve many of the structures.
Re-Forming Schools and Cities: Placing Education on the Landscape of Planning History
Journal of Planning History; v5 n3 , p183-195 ; 2006
Schools are among the most ubiquitous institutions shaping city and regional ecology, policy, and everyday experience. In recent decades, planning historians have come to define planning ever more broadly, focusing on a great diversity of urban activities. But the design, development, and administration of public and private schools, from the preschool to university level, have yet to be incorporated into our discipline's debates and discussions to a significant degree. This article examines the broader history of American education and posits a variety of opportunities and questions to explore as the history of schools is incorporated into planning history.
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http://jph.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/3/183
From Our House to the "Big House": Architectural Design as Visible Metaphor in the School Buildings of Philadelphia
Thomas, George E. Journal of Planning History; v5 n3 ; 2006
Philadelphia public schools have been products of the culture and values that made them. When education was embedded in the home, schools looked like houses; when education became civic, schools took on a civic character; when Philadelphia gave itself over to the forces of industry, schools were derived from industry. In the twentieth century, as schools became places of conflict, they took on the character of the architecture of reform—prisons. This article examines the evolution of the Philadelphia school from the eighteenth century to the present.
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http://jph.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/3/218
"Little Red School House, What Now?" Two Centuries of American Public School Architecture.
Weisser, Amy S. Journal of Planning History; v5 n3 , p196-217 ; 2006
This article examines two centuries of public school architecture in the United States with attention to the relationship between architectural form and reformist educational philosophy. Building types reviewed include the one-room schoolhouse, the metropolitan school at 1900, the early twentieth-century suburban school, and the late twentieth-century urban school. The siting, building plan, and exterior articulation of both ideal plans and built structures are reviewed as evidence of the expectation and realities of the public school as a democratic institution.
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http://jph.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/3/196
A Time to Look Back.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1040.shtm Moore, Deb School Planning and Management; v44 n12 , p9 ; Dec 2005
Reviews school facilities topics that were of particular interest in 2005: a continuing debate on what constitutes a small school, technology integration, and community use of schools.
The Influence of School Architecture and Design on the Outdoor Play Experience within the Primary School
Armitage, Marc Paedagogica Historica ; v41 n4-5 , p535 - 553 ; Aug 2005
Since the very earliest times, schools have provided a place (the playground) and a time (playtimes) in which children can have time away from the direct involvement of adults and formal learning. Although the basic design of school grounds has changed in a number of ways over the years, from the subtle to the more direct, what effect these changes have had on the overall education of the child is less clear. Research has identified a number of positive effects on leaning that playtimes and the informal use of school grounds provides, yet it is also clear that schools themselves often greatly under-use this potential, or even actively restrict access to it, as a counter to what is often seen as the ‘problem’ of playtime. This paper will draw on recent research into ‘what’ happens on school playgrounds and ‘where’ it happens, using visual examples from the UK. The findings from this research will explore the direct links that have been found between school building design and children’s use of the outdoor environment for play. [Author's abstract]
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Contested Desires: The Edible Landscape of School
Burke, Catherine Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education; v41 n4-5 , p571-587 ; Aug 2005
Food and drink are associated with survival and for children and young people the edible landscape represents an essential part of survival in the modern school. Within any institution that "contains" persons over time, such as schools, hospitals and prisons, the organization and control of eating and drinking takes on a particularly significant role. At one and the same time, food and drink and the space in which they are served and consumed can become a site of contested desires, a space where authority and resistance are exercised. It is clear from early accounts that the association of school children with food and drink was also seen as potentially chaotic. It served to remind those seeking to "improve" the morals and behaviour of the "lower" classes of the chasm of difference that existed between the social classes. There is a sense of fear and revulsion in these early accounts of collective consumption. But schools and kindergartens were, from the middle of the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century, also important sites for the production and consumption of food as a form of pedagogy. This paper explores the interior and exterior edible landscape of school in the UK context and suggests some pointers to its significance in terms of the development of pedagogy and curriculum.
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http://www.informaworld.com
Bricks and Mortar: A Faculty View.
http://www1.scup.org/PHE/FMPro?-db=PubItems.fp5&-lay=ART&-format=read Burgen, Mary Planning for Higher Education; v33 n4 , p25-27 ; Jun 2005
Breifly reviews the history of higher education campus construction as experienced since the Morrill Act of 1862. Benefits to universities' host communities are described, the growing influence of commercial enterprise over academia is lamented, and a greater role for faculty involvement in campus building programs is urged.
L'Architecture Scolaire.
http://www.ciip.ch/pages/bulletins/Anc_num/fichiers/ Bulletin de la CIIP; n15 , p37 ; Dec 2004
Presents a collection of French essays and inteviews on the history of educational architecture, educational design to accommodate various pedagogies, design for early childhood education, educational design today, and educational design of the future.
Historic Rosenwald Schools Rebuilt and Reborn.
Salvesen, David Urban Land; v63 n10 , p61 ; Oct 2004
Description of Rosenwald schoolhouses built in poor African American communities in the rural south in the 1920's. Includes a case study of the Walnut Cove Colored School in Stokes County, North Carolina which was converted to the Walnut Cove Senior Citizen's Center.
Crumbling Legacy.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2004/04/28/33rosenwald.h23.html Sack, Joetta Education Week; v23 n33 , p30-34 ; Apr 28, 2004
Article on preservation efforts of some of the more than 5,300 Rosenwald schools and other buildings that were built from 1913 to 1932, in rural areas of 15 states. The idea for the schools was conceived by the black educator and author Booker T. Washington and financed by Julius Rosenwald, the president of Sears and Roebuck. Rosenwald set up a program that offered state-of-the-art facility plans designed by architects from Tuskegee Institute and funding for grants that were matched by local communities. The schools served black students who were shut out of regular public schools in the era of Jim Crow, or who attended classes in decrepit structures if at all. [Free subscriber registration is required.]
Schoolhouse Modernism.
http://www.architectureweek.com/2004/0114/culture_1-1.html King, Jonathan; Langdon, Philip Architecture Week ; Jan 14, 2004
During the second half of the 20th century, the Texan architecture firm of Caudill Rowlett Scott (CRS) were known for their innovations in school design. This extensive article describes CRS's early 1950's one-story schools with simple shed roofs with windows placed to obtain maximum benefit from natural ventilation and natural illumination. As mechanical air-conditioning became standard, as schools became bigger, and as CRS moved to the high school and then the college level, the buildings shifted from being light and sometimes playful to being more formal and sculptural.
What's In a Name: Issues of Race, Gender, Culture, and Power in the Naming of Public School Buildings in Kansas City, Missouri, 1940-1995.
Moran, Peter W. Planning and Changing; v35 n3-4 , p129-142 ; 2004
Naming a building after a person further implies that the person honored possesses the appropriate qualities necessary to be recognized in such a permanent fashion, and that the individual was, in some respects, the embodiment of the community's shared values. Here, Moran analyzes the naming of public school buildings in Kansas City MO between the 1940's and early 1990's while exploring the values which were implicit in the selection of names, as well as the individuals or groups that had the greatest influence in the process of selecting names.
More than Blue Skies.
Granat, Diane Preservation; v55 n4 , p34-37 ; Jul-Aug 2003
Describes efforts to find and preserve some 5,000 Rosenwald schools. These buildings were funded with seed money during the 1920s from Julius Rosenwald, president of Sears, Roebuck and Company, and served as schools and public buildings for black residents in the rural South.
History in the Making.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_history_making/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v75 n10 , p20-34 ; Jun 2003
Reviews trends and developments over 75 years that have shaped today s schools and their educational facilities needs, and speculates on what the future may hold. Includes a timeline of important educational events.
What Went Wrong. Detours in the History of School Construction.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070616064650 Rittner-Heir, Robbin M. American School Board Journal; v190 n6 , p39-40, 42 ; Jun 2003
Discusses design and construction problems of schools built in the 50s and 60s including open classrooms, bigger schools, underground schools, and schools without windows.
A Review of the Development of Daylighting in Schools
Wu, W.; Ng, E. Lighting Research and Technology; v35 n2 , p111-125 ; Jun 2003
This paper reviews the progress of daylighting in school buildings. It examines the publications that discuss daylighting design for school buildings in early 1874. It also traces the developments of the open-air school movement from 1900 up to the 1930s and describes research at the present day in the context of an emphasis on environmental factors defining healthy and comfortable buildings for education. The regulations and standards of lighting in schools in the different periods in Britain are summarized. The review reveals that there is a need to examine the relationships between the responses of school occupants and the quantity of daylighting. The conclusion of the paper gives an overall summary of daylighting in schools and identifies gaps in current knowledge. In addition, it provides the authors' opinions for future lighting research in schools. [Authors' abstract]
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Buildings and Betterment: Influences on the Design of State School Buildings 1900-1920
http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v2n2/dillon/begin.HTM Dillon, Mike International Education Journal ; v2 n2 , p109-115 ; Feb 2001
Almost from the beginning of universal education, educationalists and reformers promoted a rationale that the school building and learning were linked. This rationale was widely accepted in the United States, England and in Australia and was significant in influencing the design of schools. This paper outlines the development of this rationale and then draws on South Australian School Inspectors' reports during the period 1900-1920 to show how this rationale was expressed in South Australian schools through a focus on school hygiene, appropriate aesthetic classroom displays and the development of school gardens. [Author's abstract]
The Evolution of School Design: Thirty Years of Change in Public Classrooms.
Focke, John Texas Architect; v51 n1 , p24-27 ; Jan-Feb 2001
Reviews the evolution of changing educational needs and school design solutions that have enriched public education and provided new, and flexible schoolhouses which can be integrated into the community. Some of the struggles encountered during this evolution are discussed.
One Room, Many Lessons.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060218160810 Schoolhouse of Quality; v4 n1 , p8-11 ; Winter 2000
Explores the lessons learned about education revealed from the one-room schoolhouse, including what these types of schoolhouses would look like today if they were resurrected. Parental bonding and involvement, teaching across grade levels and subjects, and the non- threatening atmosphere one-room schoolhouses offered are discussed.
Celebrating 70 Years of Education Facilities and Business Developments.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_celebrating_years_education/ Agron, Joe, Ed. American School and University; v71 n1 , p35-46 ; Sep 1998
Provides a brief evolutionary history of change in educational facilities and the business market over the past 70 years and the journal "American School & University's" role as an information source. Examined is how school buildings have changed driven by new service demands and increasing enrollments.
School Architecture as a Subject of Inquiry
Uline, Cynthia L. Journal of School Leadership; v7 n2 , p194-209 ; Mar 1997
Proposes the aesthetics of school building design as a valid interest for
school leaders and an important research subject. Presents John
Dewey's ideas about aesthetics as a philosophical foundation and his
active-reflection methods as an implementation strategy. Identifies
opportunities for reflective administrative practice contained within school
renovation or construction projects. Suggests foci for future research. (35
references).
The Evolving Role of the American Schoolhouse.
http://www.wirtalumni.com/news/news14.htm Bradley, William S. Educational Facility Planner; v34 n2 , p13-14 ; 1997
Discusses the role that architecture has played in distinguishing, harboring, and facilitating public education in America over the last 200 years. It reveals how population growth, educational policy, and community preferences have caused the one-room schoolhouse to evolve to meet changing needs.
Early Nineteenth Century School Space and Ideology
Markus, Thomas A. Paedagogica Historica; v32 n1 , p9-50 ; 1996
Articulates the ideological and social relationships reinforced by the spatial design of urban children's schools in the early 19th century. Describes the purpose and function of the four types of schools: Sunday, monitorial, infant, and workhouse. Includes numerous illustrations from a variety of sources.
School Facilities--From Elemental to Exemplary.
Witcher, Ann Educational Facility Planner; v29 n6 , p12-16 ; 1991
During the history of U.S. education, enormous changes have occurred in both the design and purpose of school facilities. Presents an overview of seventeenth- through twentieth-century schools. Characteristics of exemplary schools' facilities are identified, and considerations for facilities of the twenty-first century are addressed. (25 references)
Cathedral of Culture: The Schoolhouse in American Educational Thought and
Practice Since 1820.
Cutler, William W., III History of Education Quarterly; v29 n1 , p1-40 ; Spring 1989
Discusses the importance of the school building in U.S. education from 1820 to
the present. Notes that the schoolhouse became a representation of U.S. cultural values and
ideals. Explores how this reverence for the place of learning has affected and been affected by
educational change.
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These 21 Trends Will Shape the Future of School Design.
Brubaker, C. William American School Board Journal; v175 n4 , p31-33,66 ; Apr 1988
Describes 21 design trends that will shape the future look of schools. Eventually a new kind of school architecture incorporating both high-tech and postmodern components will evolve. A sidebar cites 10 reasons why direct cost comparison for school construction can rarely be justified.
Some Thoughts on History and Campus Planning
Turner, Paul V. Planning for Higher Education; v16 n3 , p1-28 ; 1987
Many university planning committees make bad decisions out of ignorance of the university's original plan. A brief history of American campus design is presented. The collegiate quadrangle design and land grant colleges' designs are compared, and master plans are discussed.
Rosenwald
Schools
Alcorn, Virgie Educational Facility Planner; v2 n4 ; Jul-Aug 1986
Beginning with an historical review of philanthropic
funding to promote public education for all groups in
the South, the author chronicles the efforts of Julius
Rosenwald whose funding gifts were designated for
elementary schools for black children. The author
traces the growth of the Julius Rosenwald Fund and
building program from its inception in 1917 until 1932
when the last of 5,358 modern rural black schools
was built. The author includes interesting accounts
of the Rosenwald building program.
A Dying Heritage: One-Room Schools of Gallatin County, Montana.
Heath, Kingston Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture; , p201-216 ; 1982
To the western frontier settlements, the rural school was a potent message carrier of progress. It symbolized proof of a commitment to a better way of life for the families that ventured west.
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Architectural Constraints on Educational Aims and Organisations: With Particular Reference to Middle Schools.
Wallace, Gwen M. Journal of Educational Administration and History; v12 n2 , p45-57 ; Jul 1980
Uses five field studies and an examination of historical trends to look at the way school spaces constitute resources for achieving declared curricular aims and the way the organization of pupils is related to the actual problems of accommodating and moving personnel within the building.
Transcendentalism and Henry Barnard's "School Architecture"
Rothfork, John Journal of General Education; v29 n3 , p173-187 ; Feb 1977
Sketches the intellectual and sociological climate that led Henry Barnard to advocate Greek Revival architecture for school buildings, takes a look at why this style and its implicit values were popular in the era between 1820-1860, and examines a few of the plans in Barnard's "School Architecture" (1838-48).
Environments Operating in Open Space and Traditionally Designed Schools
Gump, Paul V.; Good, Lawrence R. Journal of Architectural Research; v5 n1 , p20-27 ; Mar 1976
Two open plan schools were compared with two schools of traditional architecture so that the relationship between the building design and the program could be examined.
The Habitats of Education
Gores, Harold B. American Education; v10 n8 , 16-z3,z6 ; Oct 1974
Our schoolhouses have changed markedly during the past 200 years, and not just physically but psychologically as well.
Changing Architecture. Major Issues for '75
Morgan, Tom CEFP Journal; v12 n4 , p18-19 ; Jul-Aug 1974
Trends changing from "fad" status to acceptance as the norm for contemporary schools are flexibility, adaptability, a reduction in fenestration, compactness, use of color, carpeting, and many new construction materials.
A Preliminary Look at the Schoolhouse: The Philadelphia Story, 1870-1920
Cutler, William W., III Urban Education; v8, n4 , p381-400 ; Jan 1974
Examines old schools and new, inside and outside, in the historic city center and its developing suburban rings, for the "respectable classes" and the "struggling masses," as a municipal investment and as a design problem, in order to understand the material culture of vital urban places, not as facade, but as environment.
The Use of Architectural Handbooks in the Design of Schoolhouses from 1840 to 1860
Wriston, Barbara The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians; v22 n3 , p155-160 ; Oct 1963
New Spaces and Places for Learning
Campbell, Edward A. The School Review; v68 n3 , p346-352 ; Summer 1960
The little red schoolhouse typifies both a kind of learning and a place of learning. In the twentieth century school buildings that look like factories take the place of school buildings that look like churches. There is no modern equivalent to the little red schoolhouse.
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Housing the Secondary School of Tomorrow
Caudill, William W. Teachers College Record ; v56 n7 , p393-403 ; 1955
The author proposes that the secondary schools of the future will have the quality of flexibility to take care of changing educational needs; will take advantage of the technique of the day; and, just as important, will have the human value in their architecture.
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http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentID=4693
Educational Architecture
http://links.jstor.org/ Elting, Winston College Art Journal; v10 n3 , p244-47 ; Spring 1951
Trends in School Architecture and Design
Engelhardt, Jr., N.L. Review of Educational Research; v12 n1 , p171-177 ; Apr 1942
Architectural design of school buildings may be viewed as an expression of the attitude of people toward education. This reviews the history of school architecture in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and evaluates new changes in light of new educational emphasis.
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Trends in School Architecture and Design. Current Developments
Sherer, Francis R. Review of Educational Research; v12 n2 , p178-181 ; Apr 1942
This article discusses developments in schoolhouse planning and design in the 1930's, including better coordination between educator, administrator, and architect.
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The Evolving Elementary School Plant.
Engelhardt, N. L. Teachers College Record ; v43 n8 , p640-646 ; Jan 1942
A review of school plant literature indicates the stresses which have been placed from time to time upon elementary school planning.
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Trends in School Architecture and Design
Smith, Howard Dwight Review of Educational Research; v8 n4 , p443-450 ; Oct 1938
Discussion of schools built in the 1930's as well as a brief review of historic trends.
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An Analysis of State School-Building Codes.
McGowan, H. M. Educational Research Bulletin; v10 n17 , p458-461 ; Nov 25, 1931
Trends in Space Provisions in Plans for High-School Buildings
Spohn, A.L. The School Review; v38 n1 , p33-50 ; Jan 1930
Study shows changes that have taken place in plans for high school buildings over a period of twenty years: 1907-1927. The plans were published in the American School Board Journal from 1905 to 1928.
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The Evolution of the Little Red School-House
Sargent, Walter The School Review; v11 n6 , p435-455 ; Jun 1903
15 Cool High School, College and University Building Designs.
http://weburbanist.com/2009/04/21/15-cool-high-school-college-and-university-building-designs/ Profiles 15 mostly avant-garde designs of high school and university buildings from around the world. Photographs accompany each description.
Council of Independendent Colleges Historic Campus Architecture Project
http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library Presents information about significant buildings, landscapes, campus plans, and heritage sites of American higher education and identifies sources for further research. Several thousand places of historical significance on private college and university campuses are cited, along with images relating to these sites. Users can find institutions or places in a particular state or region; seek information about a specific type of architecture, designer, or time period; or gather data for future research.
Council of Independent Colleges Historic Campus Architecture Project
http://puka.cs.waikato.ac.nz/cgi-bin/cic/library National architecture and landscape database of independent college and university campuses. This project presents information about significant buildings, landscapes, campus plans, and heritage sites of American higher education and identifies sources for further research. The website documents nearly 2,100 places of historical significance on private college and university campuses and includes nearly 5,000 images relating to these sites. Web users can find institutions or places in a particular state or region; seek information about a specific type of architecture, designer, or time period; or gather data for future research.
EFL Archives at the CRS Center, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/Archive/EFL/ The Educational Facilities Laboratories (EFL) archives contain more than 200 EFL publications that covered all of the major aspects of school design, from classroom placement to alternate construction methods, published between 1958 and 1986.
One Room School House Project
http://www.kansasheritage.org/orsh/ The One Room School House Project is a database of information originally located at the University of Kansas. The project includes listings and information on some 880 schools throughout the state and nation. The information, pictures, and stories included in this site have been collected and sent to the project by researchers and historians from across America. The One Room School House Project site is a compilation of articles about schools and the people who built and attended them, and the site also contains photographic images of existing and former school sites and textbooks.
Public Art for Public Schools
http://schools.nyc.gov/community/facilities/PublicArt/default.htm Explores New York City’s public schools over 1,500 artworks, from early 20th century stained glass windows by Tiffany Studios to the vast mural cycles of the New Deal, through the diverse and engaging installations commissioned through the Percent for Art Program. The web site is a work in progress and will be updated regularly.
Rosenwald Initiative
http://www.rosenwaldschools.com/ The National Trust for Historic Preservation formed the Rosenwald Schools Initiative for the preservation of Rosenwald schools across the rural regions of the south and southwest. The website includes case studies, history, information on the architecture of Rosenwald schools, and additional resources.
The One-Room Schoolhouse Resource Center
http://sites.onlinemac.com/kcampbell/One_Room_Schoolhouses.htm This website is a compilation of historical one-room school resources throughout North America that are available on the internet. The purpose of the website is to provide a central "information exchange" forum for those interested in one-room schoolhouse activities, information, and websites.
Preserving Historic Neighborhood Schools http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/preservation.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on preservation and modernization of historic neighborhood schools, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
Rural School Facility Issues http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/rural.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on rural school facilities issues, including funding challenges, equity and adequacy, community support, size considerations, and facility improvements.
School Design
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/design.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on designing school buildings, including school design guidelines, trends, principles, and examples, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. See also NCEF Resource Lists on Campus Architecture, Case Studies, Selecting Design Professionals, and many more related topics.
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